This book, intended for use with secondary and college students, presents a Middle Eastern view of the Middle East and the world. This will be the first steptowards providingĮRIC Educational Resources Information Center The EMAHL13 will be a useful too for the reliable assessment of health literacy in countries, where culture plays a significant impact. It assessespatients' ability to comprehend by distinguishing between health and non-health related items. The Eastern-Middle Eastern Adult Health Literacy (EMAHL13), screening instrument is brief, simple, a useful indicator of whether or not a patient can read. Field pretesting participants from two countries, indicated overall construct reliability (Cronbach's α =0.85), validity and consistency (KMO value of 0.92 and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant). Thirty-two percentage of the original 19-item construct was eliminated by the focus group for reasons of relevance and impact for the local culture. Inclusion of non-health related items were found to be critical in the authentic assessment of health literacy in the Eastern and Middle Eastern population given the influence of social desirability. Kiaser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy and Bartlett's tests were used to assess the strength of the relationship among the variables. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α and validity using Factor analysis. By employing expert panel, Delphi technique, focus group methodologies, and pre-testing using participants (N = 900) from the UAE and India, a survey construct to the Eastern-Middle Eastern cultures was developed. Different socioeconomic status among the Eastern and Middle Eastern countries may restrict, health information access and utilization for those with low literacy. The purpose of the study was to develop a survey construct to assess health literacy within the context of regional culture. Low health literacy can affect the social determinants of health, health outcomes and the use of healthcare services. Health literacy is a term employed to assess the ability of people to meet the increasing demands related to health in a rapidly evolving society. Nair, Satish Chandrasekhar Satish, Karthyayani Priya Sreedharan, Jayadevan Ibrahim, Halah All rights reserved.Īssessing health literacy in the eastern and middle-eastern cultures. Reliable operative techniques that achieve a successful aesthetic outcome are discussed in detail. Essential considerations in the process spanning the consultation and surgery are reviewed. This article highlights the inherent nasal features of the Middle Eastern nose and reviews pertinent concepts of rhinoplasty on Middle Eastern patients. Esthetic alteration of a Middle Eastern nose follows a different set of goals and principles compared with rhinoplasties on white or other ethnic patients. Detailed understanding of the ethnic visual harmony in a Middle Eastern nose greatly assists in preserving native nasal-facial relationships during rhinoplasty on Middle Eastern patients. The goal, and the ultimate challenge, of rhinoplasty on Middle Eastern patients is to achieve balanced aesthetic refinement, while avoiding surgical westernization. These external characteristics reflect distinct structural properties of the osseo-cartilaginous nasal framework and skin-soft tissue envelope in patients of Middle Eastern extraction.
The ethnic appearance of the Middle Eastern nose is defined by several unique visual features, particularly a high radix, wide overprojecting dorsum, and an amorphous hanging nasal tip.
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